Pressure Pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted on a surface. It is a measure of the intensity of the force distributed over an area. Mathematically, pressure (P) is calculated as the ratio of force (F) applied perpendicular to the surface to the area (A) over which the force is distributed: P = F/A. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa), which is equal to one Newton per square meter (N/m²).
Absolute Pressure: Absolute pressure is the total pressure exerted by a fluid, including both the atmospheric pressure and any additional pressure due to the fluid itself. It is measured relative to absolute zero pressure. Absolute pressure is often used in scientific and engineering calculations. The unit for absolute pressure is the Pascal (Pa).
related: the perfect (ideal gas) theory and behavior
Vacuum Pressure: Vacuum pressure is the pressure below atmospheric pressure. It is the difference between the absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure. Vacuum pressure is commonly used to measure pressures lower than atmospheric pressure. It is often expressed in units such as millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or torr.
Gauge Pressure: Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It represents the difference between the absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure is commonly used in everyday applications, such as measuring tire pressure or fluid pressure in pipes. It is often expressed in units such as pounds per square inch (psi), kilopascals (kPa), or bars.
Atmospheric Pressure: Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere on a surface. It is the force per unit area exerted by the weight of the air above that surface. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude. At sea level, the average atmospheric pressure is approximately 101.3 kilopascals (kPa) or 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi).
related: the first law of thermodynamics
Unit for Pressure: The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa). However, there are several other commonly used units for pressure, including pounds per square inch (psi), bar, atmosphere (atm), millimeters of mercury (mmHg), and torr. Conversion factors can be used to convert between different units of pressure
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